Mould Inspection & Testing
Mould Inspection and Mould Testing for Indoor Mould – Causes, Health Effects, Mould Sampling & Testing
Moulds are fungi that can be found both indoors and outdoors. Moulds grow best in warm, damp, and humid conditions and reproduce by making spores which can spread and become airborne and settle on surfaces. Mould spores can also survive dry conditions that do not support normal mould growth. Indoors mould can be found where relative humidity (RH) levels are high, such as poorly ventilated subfloors, air conditioning systems, showers or other areas where building materials are affected by water ingress or increased dampness. Mould growth can be directly spotted on damp surfaces or it can be hidden such as in subfloors, wall cavities or below/within carpet. Common indoor mould genera include Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp. and Aspergillus spp.
Exposure to mould can occur via inhalation, ingestion and contact with mucus membranes (eg. eyes). According to NSW Department of Health inhalation of mould spores may cause health problems in people who are sensitive or allergic to mould. These include a running or blocked nose, irritation of the eyes and skin and sometimes wheezing. More severe reactions can occur in certain people. In rare cases, people may develop a mould infection, usually in the lungs. Most people will not experience any health problems from coming in contact with mould. For people with asthma, inhaling mould spores may cause an asthma attack. People who are more sensitive to mould include people with asthma, allergies, or other breathing conditions, people with weakened immune systems or with chronic lung illnesses, infants and children, elderly people and pregnant women.
In 1998, Dr Richie Shoemaker, a US physician identified an illness caused by poor clearance of biotoxins produced by certain dinoflagellates, algae, and moulds and named it Chronic Immune Response Syndrome (CIRS). CIRS occurs when genetically susceptible people (roughly 25% of the population) are exposed to certain biotoxins. Shoemaker and others have linked the same kind of illness to toxins from moulds commonly found in water-damaged buildings (WDB) —species of Stachybotris, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Chaetomium, Wallemia and others. For more information on CIRS visit www.survivingmold.com.
A number of international experts agree that there is a wide variability in how people are affected by exposure to mould. Symptoms that may seem to occur from mould exposure may also be due to other causes, such as bacterial or viral infections or other allergies or illnesses. Those with special health concerns should consult their doctor if they are concerned about exposure to mould.
Currently, there is no established airborne mould concentration that is known to adversely affect any individual’s health, although, few non-enforceable international guidelines are used in the industry. In most cases, you do not need to know the type of mould growing in a building unless there is a link between established health effects and exposure to certain mould types. Routine sampling for mould is not usually recommended, however, in certain cases mould sampling and mould testing can assist in the assessment and evaluation of mould problems in indoor settings. The best strategy to resolve indoor mould problems is to remove the mould and work to prevent future growth.
Mould growth can be controlled by:
- Controlling humidity levels
- Stopping rising damp
- Promptly fixing leaky roofs, windows, and pipes
- Thoroughly cleaning and drying after flooding
- Ventilating condensation areas such as shower, laundry, and cooking areas
- Keeping subfloors dry, ventilated and if problematic, under negative pressure.
If you are concerned about mould growth and exposure in your workplace or home, Health Safety Consultants occupational hygienists are experts in the field and well placed to assist you in identifying the problem by undertaking preliminary or detailed mould inspection, mould testing and mould contamination assessment.
Mould Inspection by an Occupational Hygienist
In situations where mould growth and causes are readily identifiable (eg. condensation in a bathroom from a shower) a mould inspection and immediate simple mould treatment by a mould cleaning company or mould remediation company would be sufficient to address the issue.
Mould inspection by an occupational hygienist, an indoor mould expert or building moisture expert would be needed in the following situations:
- Mould growth and underlying causes are not readily identifiable and building occupants are experiencing health effects that may be related to indoor mould exposure or other indoor air quality issues
- Scientific knowledge is required to investigate specific mould growth patterns including using specialised testing methods
- Expert witness report is needed for tribunal if a dispute between landlord and tenant occurs regarding mould growth and potential causes
- Expert report is needed for legal proceeding (eg. exposure in the workplace and specific health effects)
- There is a need for detailed mould inspection to delineate mould affected areas and causes for an insurance claim
- Writing mould remediation protocol and mould remediation scope of work to be used by mould remediation contractor
- Mould inspection and testing following remediation to verify the standard of remediation and that the building has returned to normal mould ecology before re-occupancy. This is known as Mould Post Remediation Verification (PRV) or Mould Clearance.
What is Involved in the Professional Mould Inspection?
A professional mould inspection and mould contamination assessment undertaken by Health Safety Consultants experts include:
- Walk-through visual inspection and noting observations of the internal and external areas of the building, the subfloor and the air conditioning system where accessible to identify any visible mould growth and/or signs of moisture, increased relative humidity, characteristic odours or signs of water intrusion/water damage
- Moisture check of building materials surfaces in internal areas via infrared camera and moisture meter to identify locations of potential elevated moisture and sources of the moisture where practicable
- Measuring standard indoor air quality parameters (IAQ) including temperature, relative humidity, airborne particles count or mass
- If required, collection of surface mould and airborne mould samples to check or confirm any suspected mould. Various sampling and analytical methods are available and may be used depending on the assumptions or questions to be answered and the scope of works
- Document the findings and provide recommendations to mitigate identified problems.
What Type of Mould Samples are Needed for a Mould Assessment?
Where required, depending on the questions to be answered and the purpose of the mould assessment one or more of the following common types of mould samples may be collected from the site:
- Airborne mould spores (non-viable) collected on spore trap (usually 5 minutes sample duration). Samples are analysed by direct microscopy to identify mould genera and total mould spores count
- Airborne mould (viable) collected on agar plates (usually 2-5 minutes sample duration). Samples are incubated and then analysed for identification of mould genera or species and colony forming units
- Surface biotape samples (lift-off tape). Samples are analysed by direct microscopy to identify mould genera and total mould spores count
- Surface swabs (viable mould) collected on cotton tipped swabs. Samples are incubated and then analysed for identification of mould genera or species and colony forming units
- Mycometer samples (surface or airborne mould). Does not tell the type of mould. Estimate mould based on mould specific chemical bioassay
- Environmental Relative Mouldiness Index (ERMI) or HETRMI-2 samples. Mould in surface dust or in carpet. Dust is sampled and analysed for mould by qPCR (DNA analysis). This method is an excellent mould screening technique that is species specific and very useful in expert cases. However, interpretation of results requires high level of training and skills
- Other types of samples are also used depending on the established requirements.
What is the Cost of the Professional Mould Inspection?
To have an idea on the cost of mould inspection by an occupational hygienist, a basic mould inspection by a professional for an average office area or a single level residential dwelling would take about 2 hours to complete. Adding to this, cost of travel to site (time, kilometers and tolls), preparation for equipment and samples and administration (30 minutes) and time for report writing and peer review (about 2.5 hours) would results in total time of about 5-6 hours if the site is within the Sydney metro. If mould sampling is required, additional time would be required for sampling and reporting as well as additional cost for laboratory samples analysis. Larger sites and detailed mould inspections would take much longer time to complete. You can contact our office to get a quote for the service.
